小儿反复呼吸道感染危险因素分析

目的:探讨小儿反复呼吸道感染(RRTI)的危险因素,为降低儿童RRTI患病率制定相应的预防措施。方法:采用成组设计的病例对照研究方法,对RRTI病例及健康小儿各101例进行问卷调查,采用原子吸收法检测血微量元素(血锌、铜、铁、钙、镁)及血铅水平,采用免疫透射比浊法测定IgM、IgA、IgG、补体C3、补体C4的含量。应用Logistic回归模型控制混杂因素干扰。结果:儿童期不偏食、血锌为保护性因素。血铅含量偏高、主要看护人不是自己父母、户外活动时间短、既往佝偻病史为RRTI的可能危险因素。结论:运用科学的营养方式,杜绝偏食,坚持体育锻炼及户外活动,父母多看护儿女,定期检测微量元素,必要时补充锌或驱铅治疗,提高机体抵抗力,将会减少RRTI发生率。     

Cercarial Dermatitis

Cercarial dermatitis or “swimmers’ itch” is a maculopapular skin eruption associated with the penetration of the skin by cercaria of certain species of nonhuman schistosomes. It is globally distributed and affects those who work or play in fresh and salt water.

The etiology and epidemiology of the disease are similar to that of human schistosomiasis (bilharziasis). The trematode parasite passes through a life cycle that involves both warm-blooded and molluscan hosts.

The clinical manifestations of “swimmers’ itch” are principally associated with an intensely pruritic dermatitis that lasts five to ten days and becomes more severe with subsequent exposure. Prevention is directed toward control of the molluscan hosts and their supporting environment. Treatment is symptomatic.     

新昌地区0～5岁儿童急性下呼吸道感染的病原菌及耐药性分析

目的 调查分析新昌地区0～5岁儿童急性下呼吸道感染的病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床抗菌药物使用提供依据.方法 对新昌地区2009年1月-2010年12月0～5岁住院儿童符合急性下呼吸道感染876例患儿进行痰液分离培养,做菌株鉴定和药敏试验.结果 共分离出病原菌303株,其中革兰阳性菌占49.2％,革兰阴性菌占40.2％,真菌占10.6％；革兰阳性菌中以肺炎链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为主,对青霉素耐药率均＞75.7％,肺炎链球菌对红霉素耐药率为90.5％；革兰阴性菌以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及阴沟肠杆菌为主,对氨苄西林、哌拉西林耐药率＞80.0％,而β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复合剂则抗菌活性较好,敏感的抗菌药物为亚胺培南、氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类.结论 由于儿科抗菌药物的广泛使用,使常见病原菌对抗菌药物的耐药性日趋严重,应加强对病原菌及耐药性的监测,促进抗菌药物的合理使用.     

Health effects after firing small arms comparing leaded and unleaded ammunition

Abstract

A number of Norwegian soldiers have reported health problems after live-fire training using the HK416 rifle. The objective of this study was to characterize gaseous and particulate emissions from three different types of ammunition, and record the health effects after exposure to emissions from live-firing. Fifty-five healthy, non-smoking men (mean age 40 years) were recruited and divided randomly into three groups, one for each type of ammunition. All subjects fired the HK416 rifle in a semi-airtight tent for 60?min using leaded ammunition, unleaded ammunition and modified unleaded ammunition. Gaseous and particulate emissions were monitored within the tent. The symptoms experienced by the subjects were recorded immediately after and the day after firing using a standardized questionnaire. The concentrations of particulate matter and copper exceeded their respective occupational exposure limits (eight hours per day, five days a week) by a factor of 3 and 27, respectively. Of the 55 subjects, 54 reported general and respiratory symptoms. The total number of symptoms reported was significantly higher among shooters using unleaded ammunition as compared with the use of leaded and modified unleaded ammunition. Copper was the substance that had the highest concentration relative to its toxicity. Although the general symptoms were found to be consistent with the development of metal fume fever, the respiratory symptoms indicated an irritant effect of the airways different from that seen in metal fume fever. More symptoms were reported when unleaded ammunition was used compared with leaded and modified unleaded ammunition.     

神经内科患者发生下呼吸道感染的危险因素分析

目的 了解医院神经内科患者下呼吸道感染发生率及引起下呼吸道感染的危险因素,为临床预防和控制医院感染提供参考.方法 对1348例神经内科住院患者临床资料进行逐份查阅,回顾性分析患者医院感染情况及引起感染的危险因素.结果 调查病历1348份,其中发生医院感染132例,医院感染率9.79％,感染部位分布:下呼吸道感染41例、上呼吸道感染35例、泌尿道25例、胃肠道14例、皮肤软组织6例、五官4例、其他7例,分别占26.52％、31.06％、18.94％、10.61％、4.55％、3.03％、5.30％；患者年龄、性别、患病季节、基础疾病、烟酒史、意识状态、住院时间、预防使用抗菌药物、气管切开、气管插管、机械通气及留置导尿均是导致神经内科发生下呼吸道感染的危险因素(P＜0.05)；主要病原菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、肠球菌属及凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌,分别占21.74％、19.57％、17.39％、13.04％、10.87％、8.70％.结论 针对引起的下呼吸道感染的危险因素进行预防与控制,对降低下呼吸道感染具有重要意义.     

Bacterial adaptation to the gut environment favors successful colonization

Rodent models harboring a simple yet functional human intestinal microbiota provide a valuable tool to study the relationships between mammals and their bacterial inhabitants. In this study, we aimed to develop a simplified gnotobiotic mouse model containing 10 easy-to-grow bacteria, readily available from culture repositories, and of known genome sequence, that overall reflect the dominant commensal bacterial makeup found in adult human feces. We observed that merely inoculating a mix of fresh bacterial cultures into ex-germ free mice did not guarantee a successful intestinal colonization of the entire bacterial set, as mice inoculated simultaneously with all strains only harbored 3 after 21 d. Therefore, several inoculation procedures were tested and levels of individual strains were quantified using molecular tools. Best results were obtained by inoculating single bacterial strains into individual animals followed by an interval of two weeks before allowing the animals to socialize to exchange their commensal microbes. Through this procedure, animals were colonized with almost the complete bacterial set (9/10). Differences in the intestinal composition were also reflected in the urine and plasma metabolic profiles, where changes in lipids, SCFA, and amino acids were observed. We conclude that adaptation of bacterial strains to the host’s gut environment (mono-colonization) may predict a successful establishment of a more complex microbiota in rodents.     

Atypical respiratory complications of dengue fever

In last decade, dengue has emerged as one of the most important vector born disease. With increasing cases, uncommon presentations and complications are now commonly recognized. Here, we report two cases of rare pattern of respiratory involvement in dengue: acute respiratory distress syndrome and bronchiolitis with respiratory failure.     

The Endocrinologic Changes in Critically Ill Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients

ABSTRACT

Background: Alterations in the neuroendocrine system occur during critical illness. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) itself causes hormonal changes. The aim of this study was to determine neu roendocrine hormones of COPD patients with acute respiratory failure and to investigate the relationship between hormonal changes, mortality, and morbidity.Methods: We enrolled 21 patients (13 F/8 M) with COPD exacerbation requiring artificial airway support. Blood samples were collected on admission to the ICU, and on the day of hospital discharge. Eighteen healthy people were included as controls. Results: Female patients had lower luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and free triiodothyronine (fT3), and higher prolactin (PRL) levels than controls on admission to the ICU (FSH: 70.3 vs. 29.3 mlU/mL; LH: 26.6 vs. 6.8 mlU/mL; fT3: 2.9 vs. 2.0 pg/mL; PRL: 12.4 vs. 21.3 ng/mL). Male patients had low testosterone and TSH and high PRL but only changes in TSH and PRL reached statistical significance (testosterone: 3.5 vs. 1.5 ng/mL, TSH: 1.1 vs. 0.5 ulU/mL, PRL: 9.7 vs. 14.2 ng/mL). Female patients had lower fT3 than males (fT3_female: 2.7 vs. fT3_male: 2.0 pg/mL). On follow-up, significantly elevated FSH and fT3 and decreased estradiol concentrations were documented among recovered women (FSH: 28.4 vs. 46.6 mlU/mL, fT3,: 2.0 vs. 2.6 pg/mL, E₂: 27.7 vs. 19.0 pg/mL). Patients had high C-reactive protein levels and acute physiologic and chronic health evaluation II scores. Mortality rate was 9.5% and a negative correlation between E₂ and duration of noninvasive mechanical ventilation and length of hospital stay was found in male patients. Conclusion: Men and women with acute respiratory failure in the presence of COPD develop significant changes in the neuroendocrine axis. Hormonal suppression vanishes with disease improvement.     

Therapeutic potential of the intestinotropic hormone,glucagon-like peptide-2

Glucagon-like peptide-2 (6LP-2) is a newly discovered growth factor that has been demonstrated to enhance intestinal growth and function in normal rodents and to prevent damage and facilitate intestinal repair in various animal models of intestinal insufficiency. A recent study has demonstrated that GLP-2 also acts as an intestinotropin in humans with short-bowel syndrome. The high degree of specificity of GLP-2 for induction of intestinal growth, without affecting growth of other peripheral tissues, is determined by the highly localized expression of the GLP-2 receptor in the intestinal epithelium. In this article, we review the regulation of GLP-2 in physiology, from synthesis to metabolism, with a particular emphasis on potential targets in this pathway for therapeutic manipulation of GLP-2 actions. We also discuss the various animal models of intestinal insufficiency that have been used to demonstrate the therapeutic potential of this intestinotropic hormone, including short bowel, intestinal atrophy, enteritis and colitis. The results of these studies indicate that GLP-2 is a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of various forms of intestinal insufficiency in humans.